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Kwon and Park 2015 reported that intra-articular AOD-9604 injections, especially when combined with hyaluronic acid, improved cartilage scores and reduced lameness in a rabbit collagenase-induced osteoarthritis model
[PubMed: 34324435] Systematic Review in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (2025): A systematic review of 36 studies from an orthopaedic sports medicine perspective found that BPC-157 consistently enhanced growth hormone receptor expression and angiogenesis-related pathways while reducing inflammatory cytokines
The protocol works only when NAD+ availability is secured before metabolic demand increases
This is also why random or sporadic injections often fail to produce strong results
It typically begins with declining blood levels (stage I), followed by low cellular levels (stage II), increased homocysteine levels and reduced DNA synthesis (stage III), and finally macrocytic anemia (stage IV)
