This seems like a backwards way to try to legitimize and legalize these unapproved peptides
The primary molecular actions relevant to skin are: modulation of TGF- signaling (upregulating TGF-1 for collagen I/III synthesis while suppressing TGF-2 to prevent scarring), decorin upregulation for orderly collagen fibril assembly, MMP suppression paired with TIMP upregulation to preserve ECM integrity, and copper-dependent lysyl oxidase activation for collagen crosslinking
Treatments were vehicle (V), CagriSema (CS, 2 + 2 nmol/kg), and calorie-restricted to match the weight of the CS rats (weight matched, WM)
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring peptide made up of three amino acidsglycine, histidine and lysinewhich binds to a copper ion, forming a compound the body uses as a repair signal
Another study examined the effects of six weeks of therapy in older men