We have evaluated in the in vitro studies the following parameters of oxidative damage to macromolecules: oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) measured as the level of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine, and oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation) measured as the concentration of malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) [e.g., 134, 152, 158, 159, 161, 172]
Incorporate selenium-rich foods: Selenium is a glutathione cofactor needed in all glutathione activity
Non-motor symptoms: the hidden burden Gastrointestinal dysfunction and the gut-brain axis PD may originate in the gut before manifesting in the central nervous system (CNS) through the formation of alpha-synuclein aggregates within the visceral nervous system
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The effect of oral alpha-galactosidase on intestinal gas production and gas-related symptoms