A handful of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists have received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for obesity treatmentincluding liraglutide (Saxenda), semaglutide (Wegovy), and tirzepatide (Zepbound)while others, like exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon), liraglutide (Victoza), semaglutide (Ozempic, Rybelsus), and tirzepatide (again, known as Mounjaro for the diabetes indication), are indicated for type 2 diabetes
This triple action dismantles iron sequestration, promotes iron uptake, and curtails iron efflux, raising cytosolic free Fe + and supplying the critical iron pool for ferroptosis
sRAGE is a heterogeneous group of proteins, resulting from either alternative splicing of fl-RAGE mRNA (esRAGE) or proteolytic cleavage of fl-RAGE from the cell surface (cRAGE) (84, 93)
Despite the high prevalence of CUD and its negative consequences, there are currently no FDA-approved medications
The US Anti-Doping Agency launched the investigation nearly three years ago after an article by ProPublica and the BBC detailed allegations by former runners and employees of the project, who say Salazar experimented with testosterone gel and other prescription drugs