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In addition to delaying gastric emptying, GLP-1RAs exert direct effects on the central nervous system to suppress appetite and promote weight loss [9, 11]

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist primarily used as a treatment for diabetes (Ozempic, Novo Nordisk) and more recently greenlit as a breakthrough treatment for obesity (Wegovy, Novo Nordisk)

By simultaneously aiming at GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, these drugs, such as retatrutide, deliver significantly greater efficacy than current therapies, expanding the addressable patient base

Understanding how peptides interact with cellular signaling provides important context for why pathway-specific interventions like PTD-DBM represent a fundamentally different approach than conventional treatments

Authors contributions Drafting the manuscript, creating figures and tables (WMW), and critically revising the document for important intellectual content (LGL)