Abbreviations IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease GI: Gastrointestinal CD: Crohns disease UC: Ulcerative colitis T2D: Type 2 diabetes CVD: Cardiovascular disease GLP-1 RA: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists CVOT: Cardiovascular outcome trial HF: Heart failure NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma EEC: Enteroendocrine cell GIP: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide TNF: Tumor necrosis factor IL: Interleukin JAK: Janus kinase CCL: C-C motif ligand TGF: Tumor growth factor EGF: Epidermal growth factor KGF: Keratinocyte growth factor HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate NF-kB: Nuclear factor-kB TCA: T cell activation gene SDF: Stromal cellderived factor M-CSF: Macrophage colony stimulating factor CSMC: Colon smooth muscle cell SSM: Stabilized phospholipid micelles DDS: Dextran sodium sulfate DRA: Downregulated in adenoma BLG: Ban-Lan-Gen ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme GPBAR: G proteincoupled bile acid receptor iNKT: Invariant natural killer T cells DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 GLP1/2-Fc: GLP1/2-Fc fusion SCID: Severe combined immunodeficiency disease Ex-4: Exendin-4 IRR: Incidence rate ratio BMI: Body mass index APN: Adiponectin MAT: Mesenteric adipose tissue HFD: High-fat diet TLR: Toll-like receptor NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis HDL: High-density lipoprotein LDL: Low-density lipoprotein CRP: C-reactive protein PPI: Proton pump inhibitor References Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: Of importance Of major importance Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF
Studies examining fibroblast and endothelial cell systems show increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, two proteins central to cytoskeletal organization and cell adhesion signaling
But if you are experiencing frequent vomiting during dose escalation on tirzepatide or your first weeks on semaglutide , pay extra attention to chloride replacement
Discovered in 1888, Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria
Nearly all these medications are administered by weekly injection, though there is one semaglutide oral tablet (Rybelsus) approved for diabetes
