Under unfolded protein stress conditions, GRP78 binds to unfolded or misfolded proteins and subsequently activates downstream ER stress sensors, including IRE1, PERK, and ATF6, to trigger a response to unfolded proteins (Yoboue et al., 2017) , (Wei et al., 2012)
Glutathione is an important antioxidant in the lungs, but its concentration is low in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis, since GSH is transported into the airways by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, which is mutated in cystic fibrosis patients (111)
In ancient and medieval times, known antipyretic agents were compounds contained in white willow bark (a family of chemicals known as salicins, which led to the development of aspirin), and compounds contained in cinchona bark.[1] Cinchona bark was also used to create the anti-malaria drug quinine
Ja, F., Ja, C
By these manners, NAC can mitigate ROS and inhibit osteoclast differentiation via regulating redox signaling pathways, thereby reducing oxidative stress-mediated bone resorption (Table 3)
