The lateral septum is an area of the brain where GLP-1R is highly expressed and is involved in reward-related behaviors, including alcohol-induced reward and alcohol consumption
The copper ion is integral to the peptide's activity, serving as a cofactor for lysyl oxidase, the enzyme responsible for collagen and elastin cross-linking
Of course, theyve been used for quite some time when it comes to diabetes
Although the benefits of GLP-1 RAs in HF (particularly HFrEF) and CAD remain less definitive, emerging data suggest potential roles in improving PAD and blood pressures, reducing symptoms in HF, and possibly lowering the risk of AF
Given the increasing real-world use of combined therapy and the limited HF-specific evidence base, this review summarizes current data regarding the comparative and combined effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors in HF, with emphasis on efficacy, safety, mechanistic rationale, and evidence gaps
