The treatment involved therapy sessions with a laser, as well as daily applications of an ointment, and daily oral medication
Research Note: Published preclinical research, including a 2025 literature and patent review in the journal Pharmaceuticals (Jzwiak et al., 2025, Pharmaceuticals ), has documented BPC-157's effects on angiogenesis, nitric oxide signaling, and tissue protection in animal models, though authors note that no completed human clinical trials have been published to confirm these effects in people
In addition, GPx3 has been found to be important in mitochondrial polarization and morphology [37]
Recent studies strongly support the notion that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are the main drivers of OA pathogenesis 37
As always, check with your healthcare provider if you have metabolic or cardiovascular concerns