Reduced glutathione (GSH) is the active antioxidant species that directly scavenges reactive oxygen species and free radicals, while oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is formed when two GSH molecules are linked via a disulfide bond after oxidation
ATP is produced by the mitochondria via aerobic metabolism, meaning oxygen must be present
Further mechanistic studies have found that treatment with TMZ promoted cardiac Nrf2 expression, indicating that TMZ enhanced the clearance of oxidative stress by activating the GSH system through the Nrf2 signaling pathway [210]
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