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TAK1 phosphorylates and activates the IB kinase (IKK) complex and MAPK kinases (MKKs), which in turn stimulates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcriptional activity leading to inflammation and cell survival (Mihaly et al., 2014)
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the quiescence of activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) by regulating M2 macrophage exosomal smooth muscle cell-associated protein 5 (SMAP-5)
Similar content being viewed by others Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1], is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms, such as cough, sputum production, and dyspnea [2]
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Phosphate overload in CKD not only exacerbates eryptosis and shortens RBC lifespan but also contributes to vascular calcification and other cardiovascular complications, making phosphate control a critical component of CKD management (Barreto et al., 2019)
