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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), also known as CD26, is widely expressed in the epidermis and on multiple immune cell subtypes, and preclinical studies demonstrating cutaneous vasculitis in non-human primates with some, but not all, DPP-4 inhibitors [20], has heightened awareness of the potential consequences of DPP-4 inhibition on the skin
Hu JL, Wu JY, Xu S, Qian SY, Jiang C, Zheng GQ
The information provided in this article not only aids in the screening and treatment of symptoms but also highlights new potential therapies, such as antioxidant and vitamin supplements, stem cell therapy, and mitochondrial therapy, which have shown promise in addressing PACS
These mechanisms seem to be linked to each other in a circular way, since more oxidative stress generates more inflammation and vice versa , as briefly schematized in Figure 5
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